Electronic ophthalmic lens with rear-facing pupil diameter sensor

ABSTRACT

A rear-facing pupil diameter sensing system for an ophthalmic lens comprising an electronic system is described herein. The rear-facing pupil diameter sensing system is part of an electronic system incorporated into the ophthalmic lens. The electronic system includes one or more batteries or other power sources, power management circuitry, one or more sensors, clock generation circuitry, control algorithms and circuitry, and lens driver circuitry. The rear-facing pupil diameter sensing system is utilized to determine pupil position and use this information to control various aspects of the ophthalmic lens.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to a powered or electronic ophthalmic lens having a sensor and associated hardware and software for detecting and/or sensing pupil diameter, and more particularly, to a sensor and associated hardware and software for detecting changes in pupil diameter and changing the state of an electronic ophthalmic lens.

2. Discussion of the Related Art

As electronic devices continue to be miniaturized, it is becoming increasingly more likely to create wearable or embeddable microelectronic devices for a variety of uses. Such uses may include monitoring aspects of body chemistry, administering controlled dosages of medications or therapeutic agents via various mechanisms, including automatically, in response to measurements, or in response to external control signals, and augmenting the performance of organs or tissues. Examples of such devices include glucose infusion pumps, pacemakers, defibrillators, ventricular assist devices and neurostimulators. A new, particularly useful field of application is in ophthalmic wearable lenses and contact lenses. For example, a wearable lens may incorporate a lens assembly having an electronically adjustable focus to augment or enhance performance of the eye. In another example, either with or without adjustable focus, a wearable contact lens may incorporate electronic sensors to detect concentrations of particular chemicals in the precorneal (tear) film. The use of embedded electronics in a lens assembly introduces a potential requirement for communication with the electronics, for a method of powering and/or re-energizing the electronics, for interconnecting the electronics, for internal and external sensing and/or monitoring, and for control of the electronics and the overall function of the lens.

The human eye has the ability to discern millions of colors, adjust easily to shifting light conditions, and transmit signals or information to the brain at a rate exceeding that of a high-speed internet connection. Lenses, such as contact lenses and intraocular lenses, currently are utilized to correct vision defects such as myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), presbyopia and astigmatism. However, properly designed lenses incorporating additional components may be utilized to enhance vision as well as to correct vision defects.

Contact lenses may be utilized to correct myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism as well as other visual acuity defects. Contact lenses may also be utilized to enhance the natural appearance of the wearer's eyes. Contact lenses or “contacts” are simply lenses placed on the anterior surface of the eye. Contact lenses are considered medical devices and may be worn to correct vision and/or for cosmetic or other therapeutic reasons. Contact lenses have been utilized commercially to improve vision since the 1950s. Early contact lenses were made or fabricated from hard materials, were relatively expensive and fragile. In addition, these early contact lenses were fabricated from materials that did not allow sufficient oxygen transmission through the contact lens to the conjunctiva and cornea which potentially could cause a number of adverse clinical effects. Although these contact lenses are still utilized, they are not suitable for all patients due to their poor initial comfort. Later developments in the field gave rise to soft contact lenses, based upon hydrogels, which are extremely popular and widely utilized today. Specifically, silicone hydrogel contact lenses that are available today combine the benefit of silicone, which has extremely high oxygen permeability, with the proven comfort and clinical performance of hydrogels. Essentially, these silicone hydrogel based contact lenses have higher oxygen permeability and are generally more comfortable to wear than the contact lenses made of the earlier hard materials.

Conventional contact lenses are polymeric structures with specific shapes to correct various vision problems as briefly set forth above. To achieve enhanced functionality, various circuits and components have to be integrated into these polymeric structures. For example, control circuits, microprocessors, communication devices, power supplies, sensors, actuators, light-emitting diodes, and miniature antennas may be integrated into contact lenses via custom-built optoelectronic components to not only correct vision, but to enhance vision as well as provide additional functionality as is explained herein. Electronic and/or powered contract lenses may be designed to provide enhanced vision via zoom-in and zoom-out capabilities, or just simply modifying the refractive capabilities of the lenses. Electronic and/or powered contact lenses may be designed to enhance color and resolution, to display textural information, to translate speech into captions in real time, to offer visual cues from a navigation system, and to provide image processing and internet access. The lenses may be designed to allow the wearer to see in low-light conditions. The properly designed electronics and/or arrangement of electronics on lenses may allow for projecting an image onto the retina, for example, without a variable-focus optic lens, provide novelty image displays and even provide wakeup alerts. Alternately, or in addition to any of these functions or similar functions, the contact lenses may incorporate components for the noninvasive monitoring of the wearer's biomarkers and health indicators. For example, sensors built into the lenses may allow a diabetic patient to keep tabs on blood sugar levels by analyzing components of the tear film without the need for drawing blood. In addition, an appropriately configured lens may incorporate sensors for monitoring cholesterol, sodium, and potassium levels, as well as other biological markers. This, coupled with a wireless data transmitter, could allow a physician to have almost immediate access to a patient's blood chemistry without the need for the patient to waste time getting to a laboratory and having blood drawn. In addition, sensors built into the lenses may be utilized to detect light incident on the eye to compensate for ambient light conditions or for use in determining blink patterns.

The proper combination of devices could yield potentially unlimited functionality; however, there are a number of difficulties associated with the incorporation of extra components on a piece of optical-grade polymer. In general, it is difficult to manufacture such components directly on the lens for a number of reasons, as well as mounting and interconnecting planar devices on a non-planar surface. It is also difficult to manufacture to scale. The components to be placed on or in the lens need to be miniaturized and integrated onto just 1.5 square centimeters of a transparent polymer while protecting the components from the liquid environment on the eye. It is also difficult to make a contact lens comfortable and safe for the wearer with the added thickness of additional components.

Given the area and volume constraints of an ophthalmic device such as a contact lens, and the environment in which it is to be utilized, the physical realization of the device must overcome a number of problems, including mounting and interconnecting a number of electronic components on a non-planar surface, the bulk of which comprises optic plastic. Accordingly, there exists a need for providing a mechanically and electrically robust electronic contact lens.

As these are powered lenses, energy or more particularly current consumption, to run the electronics is a concern given battery technology on the scale for an ophthalmic lens. In addition to normal current consumption, powered devices or systems of this nature generally require standby current reserves, precise voltage control and switching capabilities to ensure operation over a potentially wide range of operating parameters, and burst consumption, for example, up to eighteen (18) hours on a single charge, after potentially remaining idle for years. Accordingly, there exists a need for a system that is optimized for low-cost, long-term reliable service, safety and size while providing the required power.

In addition, because of the complexity of the functionality associated with a powered lens and the high level of interaction between all of the components comprising a powered lens, there is a need to coordinate and control the overall operation of the electronics and optics comprising a powered ophthalmic lens.

Accordingly, there is a need for a system to control the operation of all of the other components that is safe, low-cost, and reliable, has a low rate of power consumption and is scalable for incorporation into an ophthalmic lens.

Powered or electronic ophthalmic lenses may have to account for certain unique physiological functions from the individual utilizing the powered or electronic ophthalmic lens. More specifically, powered lenses may have to account for blinking, including the number of blinks in a given time period, the duration of a blink, the time between blinks and any number of possible blink patterns, for example, if the individual is dosing off. Blink detection may also be utilized to provide certain functionality, for example, blinking may be utilized as a means to control one or more aspects of a powered ophthalmic lens. Additionally, external factors, such as changes in light intensity levels, and the amount of visible light that a person's eyelid blocks out, have to be accounted for when determining blinks. For example, if a room has an illumination level between fifty-four (54) and one hundred sixty-one (161) lux, a photosensor should be sensitive enough to detect light intensity changes that occur when a person blinks.

Ambient light sensors or photosensors are utilized in many systems and products, for example, on televisions to adjust brightness according to the room light, on lights to switch on at dusk, and on phones to adjust the screen brightness. However, these currently utilized sensor systems are not small enough and/or do not have low enough power consumption for incorporation into contact lenses.

It is also important to note that different types of blink detectors may be implemented with computer vision systems directed at one's eye(s), for example, a camera digitized to a computer. Software running on the computer can recognize visual patterns such as the eye open and closed. These systems may be utilized in ophthalmic clinical settings for diagnostic purposes and studies. Unlike the above described detectors and systems, these systems are intended for off eye use and to look at rather than look away from the eye. Although these systems are not small enough to be incorporated into contact lenses, the software utilized may be similar to the software that would work in conjunction with powered contact lenses. Either system may incorporate software implementations of artificial neural networks that learn from input and adjust their output accordingly. Alternately, non-biology based software implementations incorporating statistics, other adaptive algorithms, and/or signal processing may be utilized to create smart systems.

Accordingly, there exists a need for a means and method for detecting certain physiological functions, such as a blink, and utilizing them to activate and/or control an electronic or powered ophthalmic lens according to the type of blink sequence detected by a sensor. The sensor being utilized having to be sized and configured for use in a contact lens.

Alternately, pupil diameter rather than or in addition to blinking may be utilized to control the functionality of a contact lens under certain conditions. Pupil diameter is a measurable parameter of the eye which may be used to command changes in ophthalmic devices. Pupil diameter may be measured, for example, by a camera facing the eye. The camera captures images of the eye, determines the pupil through image, pattern, or contrast recognition, and calculates pupil diameter. Pupil diameter, whether dilated or constricted, is correlated with the level of light incident on the eye, focusing up-close as opposed to far away, and some medical conditions. Ophthalmic devices could change light transmission or focal length based on pupil diameter, or trigger other events. Alternately, the sensed data may be simply collected and utilized for monitoring medical conditions.

Existing methods and devices for measuring pupil diameter are not suitable for use in contact lenses. For example, cameras and recognition systems are typically found in clinical settings or perhaps on spectacle lenses. Existing systems have neither the small size nor the low current necessary for integration into a contact lens. Existing systems are also not intended to vary the state of an ophthalmic device based on changes in pupil diameter. Accordingly, there exists a need for a means and method for detecting pupil diameter and utilizing this information to control an electronic or powered ophthalmic lens.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The electronic ophthalmic lens with rear-facing pupil dilation sensor in accordance with the present invention overcomes the limitations associated with the prior art as briefly described above.

In accordance with one aspect, the present invention is directed to a powered ophthalmic lens. The powered ophthalmic lens comprises a contact lens including an optic zone and a peripheral zone, and a pupil diameter sensor system incorporated into the contact lens for measuring pupil diameter, the pupil diameter sensor system including at least one sensor, a system controller operatively associated with the at least one sensor and configured for determining the diameter of the pupil and output a control signal based on pupil diameter, and at least one actuator configured to receive the output control signal and implement a predetermined function.

The present invention relates to a powered contact lens comprising an electronic system, which performs any number of functions, including actuating a variable-focus optic if included. The electronic system includes one or more batteries or other power sources, power management circuitry, one or more sensors, clock generation circuitry, control algorithms and circuitry, and lens driver circuitry.

Control of a powered ophthalmic lens may be accomplished through a manually operated external device that communicates with the lens wirelessly, such as a hand-held remote unit. Alternately, control of the powered ophthalmic lens may be accomplished via feedback or control signals directly from the wearer. For example, sensors built into the lens may detect blinks and/or blink patterns. Based upon the pattern or sequence of blinks, the powered ophthalmic lens may change state, for example, its refractive power in order to either focus on a near object or a distant object. In another alternate exemplary embodiment, control of the powered ophthalmic lens may be accomplished via feedback or control signals directly from the wearer; namely, through detected changes in the size of the individual's pupils.

The pupil diameter sensor of the present invention is of the appropriate small size and low current consumption to be integrated into a contact lens. In one exemplary embodiment, the sensor is fabricated with a silicon semiconductor process, thinned to approximately one hundred (100) microns or less, and diced to a die size of approximately 300×300 microns or less. In an alternate exemplary embodiment, the sensor is fabricated as a thin, flexible device which conforms to the spherical shape of a contact lens. In yet another exemplary embodiment, the sensor is fabricated as an array of smaller sensors placed at various locations in the contact lens to sample various points on the iris. Sensors may determine pupil diameter and changes thereof by detecting light reflection, impedance, electromagnetic field, neural activity, muscle activity, and other parameters as are known in the ophthalmic art.

The pupil diameter sensor is designed to consume low current, permitting operation in a contact lens from a small battery and/or energy harvester. In one exemplary embodiment, the sensor is implemented as an unbiased or low-biased photosensor detecting light reflecting off the iris. The sensor in this case may be sampled at a low duty cycle and low frequency such that total power consumption is minimized. In another exemplary embodiment, the sensor is implemented to detect impedance across through the iris or at various points on the iris. Again, the sensor is implemented using low-current technique as are common in the art, for example, high impedance and low voltage. In yet another exemplary embodiment, the sensor is implemented to measure neuromuscular activity, for example, by sensing the electromagnetic emissions from the muscles which control the iris aperture.

The pupil diameter sensor is designed to operate in a system which triggers the electronic ophthalmic device based on pupil diameter changes. In one exemplary embodiment, the sensor is sampled a rate which is fast enough to comfortable and conveniently detect the desire to change focal length, but slow enough to minimize current consumption for operation off a small battery and/or energy harvester. The sensor is included in a system to consider pupil diameter along with other inputs, for example, ambient light incident on the eye. In this case, the system could detect changes in pupil diameter in the absence of a decrease in ambient light, a situation correlated with the desire to focus up-close.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The foregoing and other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following, more particular description of preferred embodiments of the invention, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings.

FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary contact lens comprising a blink detection system in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 2 illustrates a graphical representation of light incident on the surface of the eye versus time, illustrating a possible involuntary blink pattern recorded at various light intensity levels versus time and a usable threshold level based on some point between the maximum and minimum light intensity levels in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 3 is an exemplary state transition diagram of a blink detection system in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic representation of a photodetection path utilized to detect and sample received light signals in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of digital conditioning logic in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram of digital detection logic in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 7 is an exemplary timing diagram in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 8 is a diagrammatic representation of a digital system controller in accordance with the present invention.

FIGS. 9A through 9G are exemplary timing diagrams for automatic gain control in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 10 is a diagrammatic representation of light-blocking and light-passing regions on an exemplary integrated circuit die in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 11 is a diagrammatic representation of an exemplary electronic insert, including a blink detector, for a powered contact lens in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 12 is a diagrammatic representation of a powered ophthalmic lens having a first exemplary pupil diameter sensor positioned on eye in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 13 is a diagrammatic representation of a powered ophthalmic lens having a second exemplary pupil diameter sensor positioned on eye in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 14 is a block diagram representation of an electronic system for detecting and utilizing pupil diameter in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 15 is a plot of ambient light and pupil diameter versus time in accordance with the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Conventional contact lenses are polymeric structures with specific shapes to correct various vision problems as briefly set forth above. To achieve enhanced functionality, various circuits and components may be integrated into these polymeric structures. For example, control circuits, microprocessors, communication devices, power supplies, sensors, actuators, light-emitting diodes, and miniature antennas may be integrated into contact lenses via custom-built optoelectronic components to not only correct vision, but to enhance vision as well as provide additional functionality as is explained herein. Electronic and/or powered contact lenses may be designed to provide enhanced vision via zoom-in and zoom-out capabilities, or just simply modifying the refractive capabilities of the lenses. Electronic and/or powered contact lenses may be designed to enhance color and resolution, to display textural information, to translate speech into captions in real time, to offer visual cues from a navigation system, and to provide image processing and internet access. The lenses may be designed to allow the wearer to see in low light conditions. The properly designed electronics and/or arrangement of electronics on lenses may allow for projecting an image onto the retina, for example, without a variable focus optic lens, provide novelty image displays and even provide wakeup alerts. Alternately, or in addition to any of these functions or similar functions, the contact lenses may incorporate components for the noninvasive monitoring of the wearer's biomarkers and health indicators. For example, sensors built into the lenses may allow a diabetic patient to keep tabs on blood sugar levels by analyzing components of the tear film without the need for drawing blood. In addition, an appropriately configured lens may incorporate sensors for monitoring cholesterol, sodium, and potassium levels, as well as other biological markers. This coupled with a wireless data transmitter could allow a physician to have almost immediate access to a patient's blood chemistry without the need for the patient to waste time getting to a laboratory and having blood drawn. In addition, sensors built into the lenses may be utilized to detect light incident on the eye to compensate for ambient light conditions or for use in determining blink patterns.

The powered or electronic contact lens of the present invention comprises the necessary elements to correct and/or enhance the vision of patients with one or more of the above described vision defects or otherwise perform a useful ophthalmic function. In addition, the electronic contact lens may be utilized simply to enhance normal vision or provide a wide variety of functionality as described above. The electronic contact lens may comprise a variable focus optic lens, an assembled front optic embedded into a contact lens or just simply embedding electronics without a lens for any suitable functionality. The electronic lens of the present invention may be incorporated into any number of contact lenses as described above. In addition, intraocular lenses may also incorporate the various components and functionality described herein. However, for ease of explanation, the disclosure will focus on an electronic contact lens to correct vision defects intended for single-use daily disposability.

The present invention may be employed in a powered ophthalmic lens or powered contact lens comprising an electronic system, which actuates a variable-focus optic or any other device or devices configured to implement any number of numerous functions that may be performed. The electronic system includes one or more batteries or other power sources, power management circuitry, one or more sensors, clock generation circuitry, control algorithms and circuitry, and lens driver circuitry. The complexity of these components may vary depending on the required or desired functionality of the lens.

Control of an electronic or a powered ophthalmic lens may be accomplished through a manually operated external device that communicates with the lens, such as a hand-held remote unit. For example, a fob may wirelessly communicate with the powered lens based upon manual input from the wearer. Alternately, control of the powered ophthalmic lens may be accomplished via feedback or control signals directly from the wearer. For example, sensors built into the lens may detect blinks and/or blink patterns. Based upon the pattern or sequence of blinks, the powered ophthalmic lens may change state, for example, its refractive power in order to either focus on a near object or a distant object.

Alternately, blink detection in a powered or electronic ophthalmic lens may be used for other various uses where there is interaction between the user and the electronic contact lens, such as activating another electronic device, or sending a command to another electronic device. For example, blink detection in an ophthalmic lens may be used in conjunction with a camera on a computer wherein the camera keeps track of where the eye(s) moves on the computer screen, and when the user executes a blink sequence that it detected, it causes the mouse pointer to perform a command, such as double-clicking on an item, highlighting an item, or selecting a menu item.

A blink detection algorithm is a component of the system controller which detects characteristics of blinks, for example, is the lid open or closed, the duration of the blink, the inter-blink duration, and the number of blinks in a given time period. The algorithm in accordance with the present invention relies on sampling light incident on the eye at a certain sample rate. Pre-determined blink patterns are stored and compared to the recent history of incident light samples. When patterns match, the blink detection algorithm may trigger activity in the system controller, for example, to activate the lens driver to change the refractive power of the lens.

Blinking is the rapid closing and opening of the eyelids and is an essential function of the eye. Blinking protects the eye from foreign objects, for example, individuals blink when objects unexpectedly appear in proximity to the eye. Blinking provides lubrication over the anterior surface of the eye by spreading tears. Blinking also serves to remove contaminants and/or irritants from the eye. Normally, blinking is done automatically, but external stimuli may contribute as in the case with irritants. However, blinking may also be purposeful, for example, for individuals who are unable to communicate verbally or with gestures can blink once for yes and twice for no. The blink detection algorithm and system of the present invention utilizes blinking patterns that cannot be confused with normal blinking response. In other words, if blinking is to be utilized as a means for controlling an action, then the particular pattern selected for a given action cannot occur at random; otherwise inadvertent actions may occur. As blink speed may be affected by a number of factors, including fatigue, eye injury, medication and disease, blinking patterns for control purposes preferably account for these and any other variables that affect blinking. The average length of involuntary blinks is in the range of about one hundred (100) to four hundred (400) milliseconds. Average adult men and women blink at a rate of ten (10) involuntary blinks per minute, and the average time between involuntary blinks is about 0.3 to seventy (70) seconds.

An exemplary embodiment of the blink detection algorithm may be summarized in the following steps.

1. Define an intentional “blink sequence” that a user will execute for positive blink detection.

2. Sample the incoming light level at a rate consistent with detecting the blink sequence and rejecting involuntary blinks.

3. Compare the history of sampled light levels to the expected “blink sequence,” as defined by a blink template of values.

4. Optionally implement a blink “mask” sequence to indicate portions of the template to be ignored during comparisons, e.g. near transitions. This may allow for a user to deviate from a desired “blink sequence,” such as a plus or minus one (1) error window, wherein one or more of lens activation, control, and focus change can occur. Additionally, this may allow for variation in the user's timing of the blink sequence.

An exemplary blink sequence may be defined as follows:

1. blink (closed) for 0.5 s

2. open for 0.5 s

3. blink (closed) for 0.5 s

At a one hundred (100) ms sample rate, a twenty (20) sample blink template is given by

-   -   blink_template=[1,1,1, 0,0,0,0,0, 1,1,1,1,1, 0,0,0,0,0, 1,1].

The blink mask is defined to mask out the samples just after a transition (0 to mask out or ignore samples), and is given by

-   -   blink_mask=[1,1,1, 0,1,1,1,1, 0,1,1,1,1, 0,1,1,1,1, 0,1].

Optionally, a wider transition region may be masked out to allow for more timing uncertainty, and is given by

-   -   blink_mask=[1,1,0, 0,1,1,1,0, 0,1,1,1,0, 0,1,1,1,0, 0,1].

Alternate patterns may be implemented, e.g. single long blink, in this case a 1.5 s blink with a 24-sample template, given by

-   -   blink_template=[1,1,1,1,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,         0,1,1,1,1,1].

It is important to note that the above example is for illustrative purposes and does not represent a specific set of data.

Detection may be implemented by logically comparing the history of samples against the template and mask. The logical operation is to exclusive-OR (XOR) the template and the sample history sequence, on a bitwise basis, and then verify that all unmasked history bits match the template. For example, as illustrated in the blink mask samples above, in each place of the sequence of a blink mask that the value is logic 1, a blink has to match the blink mask template in that place of the sequence. However, in each place of the sequence of a blink mask that the value is logic 0, it is not necessary that a blink matches the blink mask template in that place of the sequence. For example, the following Boolean algorithm equation, as coded in MATLAB®, may be utilized.

-   -   matched=not (blink_mask)|not (xor (blink_template,         test_sample)),         wherein test_sample is the sample history. The matched value is         a sequence with the same length as the blink template, sample         history and blink_mask. If the matched sequence is all logic         1's, then a good match has occurred. Breaking it down, not (xor         (blink_template, test_sample)) gives a logic 0 for each mismatch         and a logic 1 for each match. Logic oring with the inverted mask         forces each location in the matched sequence to a logic 1 where         the mask is a logic 0. Accordingly, the more places in a blink         mask template where the value is specified as logic 0, the         greater the margin of error in relation to a person's blinks is         allowed. MATLAB® is a high level language and implementation for         numerical computation, visualization and programming and is a         product of MathWorks, Natick, Mass. It is also important to note         that the greater the number of logic 0's in the blink mask         template, the greater the potential for false positive matched         to expected or intended blink patterns. It should be appreciated         that a variety of expected or intended blink patterns may be         programmed into a device with one or more active at a time. More         specifically, multiple expected or intended blink patterns may         be utilized for the same purpose or functionality, or to         implement different or alternate functionality. For example, one         blink pattern may be utilized to cause the lens to zoom in or         out on an intended object while another blink pattern may be         utilized to cause another device, for example, a pump, on the         lens to deliver a dose of a therapeutic agent.

FIG. 1 illustrates, in block diagram form, a contact lens 100, comprising an electronic blink detector system, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. In this exemplary embodiment, the electronic blink detector system may comprise a photosensor 102, an amplifier 104, an analog-to-digital converter or ADC 106, a digital signal processor 108, a power source 110, an actuator 112, and a system controller 114.

When the contact lens 100 is placed onto the front surface of a user's eye the electronic circuitry of the blink detector system may be utilized to implement the blink detection algorithm of the present invention. The photosensor 102, as well as the other circuitry, is configured to detect blinks and/or various blink patterns produced by the user's eye.

In this exemplary embodiment, the photosensor 102 may be embedded into the contact lens 100 and receives ambient light 101, converting incident photons into electrons and thereby causing a current, indicated by arrow 103, to flow into the amplifier 104. The photosensor or photodetector 102 may comprise any suitable device. In one exemplary embodiment, the photosensor 102 comprises a photodiode.

In a preferred exemplary embodiment, the photodiode is implemented in a complimentary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS process technology) to increase integration ability and reduce the overall size of the photosensor 102 and the other circuitry. The current 103 is proportional to the incident light level and decreases substantially when the photodetector 102 is covered by an eyelid. The amplifier 104 creates an output proportional to the input, with gain, and may function as a transimpedance amplifier which converts input current into output voltage. The amplifier 104 may amplify a signal to a useable level for the remainder of the system, such as giving the signal enough voltage and power to be acquired by the ADC 106. For example, the amplifier may be necessary to drive subsequent blocks since the output of the photosensor 102 may be quite small and may be used in low-light environments. The amplifier 104 may be implemented as a variable-gain amplifier, the gain of which may be adjusted by the system controller 114, in a feedback arrangement, to maximize the dynamic range of the system. In addition to providing gain, the amplifier 104 may include other analog signal conditioning circuitry, such as filtering and other circuitry appropriate to the photosensor 102 and amplifier 104 outputs. The amplifier 104 may comprise any suitable device for amplifying and conditioning the signal output by the photosensor 102. For example, the amplifier 104 may simply comprise a single operational amplifier or a more complicated circuit comprising one or more operational amplifiers. As set forth above, the photosensor 102 and the amplifier 104 are configured to detect and isolate blink sequences based upon the incident light intensity received through the eye and convert the input current into a digital signal usable ultimately by the system controller 114. The system controller 114 is preferably preprogrammed or preconfigured to recognize various blink sequences and/or blink patterns in various light intensity level conditions and provide an appropriate output signal to the actuator 112. The system controller 114 also comprises associated memory.

In this exemplary embodiment, the ADC 106 may be used to convert a continuous, analog signal output from the amplifier 104 into a sampled, digital signal appropriate for further signal processing. For example, the ADC 106 may convert an analog signal output from the amplifier 104 into a digital signal that may be useable by subsequent or downstream circuits, such as a digital signal processing system or microprocessor 108. A digital signal processing system or digital signal processor 108 may be utilized for digital signal processing, including one or more of filtering, processing, detecting, and otherwise manipulating/processing sampled data to permit incident light detection for downstream use. The digital signal processor 108 may be preprogrammed with the blink sequences and/or blink patterns described above. The digital signal processor 108 also comprises associated memory. The digital signal processor 108 may be implemented utilizing analog circuitry, digital circuitry, software, or a combination thereof. In the illustrate exemplary embodiment, it is implemented in digital circuitry. The ADC 106 along with the associated amplifier 104 and digital signal processor 108 are activated at a suitable rate in agreement with the sampling rate previously described, for example every one hundred (100) ms.

A power source 110 supplies power for numerous components comprising the blink detection system. The power may be supplied from a battery, energy harvester, or other suitable means as is known to one of ordinary skill in the art. Essentially, any type of power source 110 may be utilized to provide reliable power for all other components of the system. A blink sequence may be utilized to change the state of the system and/or the system controller. Furthermore, the system controller 114 may control other aspects of a powered contact lens depending on input from the digital signal processor 108, for example, changing the focus or refractive power of an electronically controlled lens through the actuator 112.

The system controller 114 uses the signal from the photosensor chain; namely, the photosensor 102, the amplifier 104, the ADC 106 and the digital signal processing system 108, to compare sampled light levels to blink activation patterns. Referring to FIG. 2, a graphical representation of blink pattern samples recorded at various light intensity levels versus time and a usable threshold level is illustrated. Accordingly, accounting for various factors may mitigate and/or prevent error in detecting blinks when sampling light incident on the eye, such as accounting for changes in light intensity levels in different places and/or while performing various activities. Additionally, when sampling light incident on the eye, accounting for the effects that changes in ambient light intensity may have on the eye and eyelid may also mitigate and/or prevent error in detecting blinks, such as how much visible light an eyelid blocks when it is closed in low-intensity light levels and in high-intensity light levels. In other words, in order to prevent erroneous blinking patterns from being utilized to control, the level of ambient light is preferably accounted for as is explained in greater detail below.

For example, in a study, it has been found that the eyelid on average blocks approximately ninety-nine (99) percent of visible light, but at lower wavelengths less light tends to be transmitted through the eyelid, blocking out approximately 99.6 percent of visible light. At longer wavelengths, toward the infrared portion of the spectrum, the eyelid may block only thirty (30) percent of the incident light. What is important to note; however, is that light at different frequencies, wavelengths and intensities may be transmitted through the eyelids with different efficiencies. For example, when looking at a bright light source, an individual may see red light with his or her eyelids closed. There may also be variations in how much visible light an eyelid blocks based upon an individual, such as an individual's skin pigmentation. As is illustrated in FIG. 2, data samples of blink patterns across various lighting levels are simulated over the course of a seventy (70) second time interval wherein the visible light intensity levels transmitted through the eye are recorded during the course of the simulation, and a usable threshold value is illustrated. The threshold is set at a value in between the peak-to-peak value of the visible light intensity recorded for the sample blink patterns over the course of the simulation at varying light intensity levels. Having the ability to preprogram blink patterns while tracking an average light level over time and adjusting a threshold may be critical to being able to detect when an individual is blinking, as opposed to when an individual is not blinking and/or there is just a change in light intensity level in a certain area.

Referring now again to FIG. 1, in further alternate exemplary embodiments, the system controller 114 may receive input from sources including one or more of a blink detector, eye muscle sensors, and a fob control. By way of generalization, it may be obvious to one skilled in the art that the method of activating and/or controlling the system controller 114 may require the use of one or more activation methods. For example, an electronic or powered contact lens may be programmable specific to an individual user, such as programming a lens to recognize both of an individual's blink patterns and an individual's ciliary muscle signals when performing various actions, for example, focusing on an object far away, or focusing on an object that is near. In some exemplary embodiments, using more than one method to activate an electronic contact lens, such as blink detection and ciliary muscle signal detection, may give the ability for each method to be crosschecked with another before activation of the contact lens occurs. An advantage of crosschecking may include mitigation of false positives, such as minimizing the chance of unintentionally triggering a lens to activate. In one exemplary embodiment, the crosschecking may involve a voting scheme, wherein a certain number of conditions are met prior to any action taking place.

The actuator 112 may comprise any suitable device for implementing a specific action based upon a received command signal. For example, if a blink activation pattern is matched compared to a sampled light level as described above, the system controller 114 may enable the actuator 112, such as a variable-optic electronic or powered lens. The actuator 112 may comprise an electrical device, a mechanical device, a magnetic device, or any combination thereof. The actuator 112 receives a signal from the system controller 114 in addition to power from the power source 110 and produces some action based on the signal from the system controller 114. For example, if the system controller 114 signal is indicative of the wearer trying to focus on a near object, the actuator 112 may be utilized to change the refractive power of the electronic ophthalmic lens, for example, via a dynamic multi-liquid optic zone. In an alternate exemplary embodiment, the system controller 114 may output a signal indicating that a therapeutic agent should be delivered to the eye(s). In this exemplary embodiment, the actuator 112 may comprise a pump and reservoir, for example, a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) pump. As set forth above, the powered lens of the present invention may provide various functionality; accordingly, one or more actuators may be variously configured to implement the functionality.

FIG. 3 illustrates a state transition diagram 300 for an exemplary blink detection system in accordance with the blink detection algorithm of the present invention. The system starts in an IDLE state 302 waiting for an enable signal bl_go to be asserted. When the enable bl_go signal is asserted, for example, by an oscillator and control circuit which pulses bl_go at a one hundred (100) ms rate commensurate with the blink sampling rate, the state machine then transitions to a WAIT_ADC state 304 in which an ADC is enabled to convert a received light level to a digital value. The ADC asserts an adc_done signal to indicate its operations are complete, and the system or state machine transitions to a SHIFT state 306. In the SHIFT state 306 the system pushes the most recently received ADC output value onto a shift register to hold the history of blink samples. In some exemplary embodiments, the ADC output value is first compared to a threshold value to provide a single bit (1 or 0) for the sample value, in order to minimize storage requirements. The system or state machine then transitions to a COMPARE state 308 in which the values in the sample history shift register are compared to one or more blink sequence templates and masks as described above. If a match is detected, one or more output signals may be asserted, such as one to toggle the state of the lens driver, bl_cp_toggle, or any other functionality to be performed by the powered ophthalmic lens. The system or state machine then transitions to the DONE state 310 and asserts a bl_done signal to indicate its operations are complete.

FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary photosensor or photodetector signal path pd_rx_top that may be used to detect and sample received light levels. The signal path pd_rx_top may comprise a photodiode 402, a transimpedance amplifier 404, an automatic gain and low pass filtering stage 406 (AGC/LPF), and an ADC 408. The adc_vref signal is input to the ADC 408 from the power source 110 (see FIG. 1) or alternately it may be provided from a dedicated circuit inside the analog-to-digital converter 408. The output from the ADC 408, adc_data, is transmitted to the digital signal processing and system controller block 108/114 (see FIG. 1). Although illustrated in FIG. 1 as individual blocks 108 and 114, for ease of explanation, the digital signal processing and system controller are preferably implemented on a single block 410. The enable signal, adc_en, the start signal, adc_start, and the reset signal, adc_rst_n are received from the digital signal processing and system controller 410 while the complete signal, adc_complete, is transmitted thereto. The clock signal, adc_clk, may be received from a clock source external to the signal path, pd_rx_top, or from the digital signal processing and system controller 410. It is important to note that the adc_clk signal and the system clock may be running at different frequencies. It is also important to note that any number of different ADCs may be utilized in accordance with the present invention which may have different interface and control signals but which perform a similar function of providing a sampled, digital representation of the output of the analog portion of the photosensor signal path. The photodetect enable, pd_en, and the photodetect gain, pd_gain, are received from the digital signal processing and system controller 410.

FIG. 5 illustrates a block diagram of digital conditioning logic 500 that may be used to reduce the received ADC signal value, adc_data, to a single bit value pd_data. The digital conditioning logic 500 may comprise a digital register 502 to receive the data, adc_data, from the photodetection signal path pd_rx_top to provide a held value on the signal adc_data_held. The digital register 502 is configured to accept a new value on the adc_data signal when the adc_complete signal is asserted and to otherwise hold the last accepted value when the adc_complete signal is received. In this manner the system may disable the photodetection signal path once the data is latched to reduce system current consumption. The held data value may then be averaged, for example, by an integrate-and-dump average or other averaging methods implemented in digital logic, in the threshold generation circuit 504 to produce one or more thresholds on the signal pd_th. The held data value may then be compared, via comparator 506, to the one or more thresholds to produce a one-bit data value on the signal pd_data. It will be appreciated that the comparison operation may employ hysteresis or comparison to one or more thresholds to minimize noise on the output signal pd_data. The digital conditioning logic may further comprise a gain adjustment block pd_gain_adj 508 to set the gain of the automatic gain and low-pass filtering stage 406 in the photodetection signal path via the signal pd_gain, illustrated in FIG. 4, according to the calculated threshold values and/or according to the held data value. It is important to note that in this exemplary embodiment six bit words provide sufficient resolution over the dynamic range for blink detection while minimizing complexity.

In one exemplary embodiment, the threshold generation circuit 504 comprises a peak detector, a valley detector and a threshold calculation circuit. In this exemplary embodiment, the threshold and gain control values may be generated as follows. The peak detector and the valley detector are configured to receive the held value on signal adc_data_held. The peak detector is further configured to provide an output value, pd_pk, which quickly tracks increases in the adc_data_held value and slowly decays if the adc_data_held value decreases. The operation is analogous to that of a classic diode envelope detector, as is well-known in the electrical arts. The valley detector is further configured to provide an output value pd_vl which quickly tracks decreases in the adc_data_held value and slowly decays to a higher value if the adc_data_held value increases. The operation of the valley detector is also analogous to a diode envelope detector, with the discharge resistor tied to a positive power supply voltage. The threshold calculation circuit is configured to receive the pd_pl and pd_vl values and is further configured to calculate a mid-point threshold value pd_th_mid based on an average of the pd_pk and pd_vl values. The threshold generation circuit 504 provides the threshold value pd_th based on the mid-point threshold value pd_th_mid.

The threshold generation circuit 504 may be further adapted to update the values of the pd_pk and pd_vl levels in response to changes in the pd_gain value. If the pd_gain value increases by one step, then the pd_pk and pd_vl values are increased by a factor equal to the expected gain increase in the photodetection signal path. If the pd_gain value decreases by one step, then the pd_pk and pd_val values are decreased by a factor equal to the expected gain decrease in the photodetection signal path. In this manner the states of the peak detector and valley detectors, as held in the pd_pk and pd_vl values, respectively, and the threshold value pd_th as calculated from the pd_pk and pd_vl values are updated to match the changes in signal path gain, thereby avoiding discontinuities or other changes in state or value resulting only from the intentional change in the photodetection signal path gain.

In a further exemplary embodiment of the threshold generation circuit 504, the threshold calculation circuit may be further configured to calculate a threshold value pd_th_pk based on a proportion or percentage of the pd_pk value. In a preferred exemplary embodiment the pd_th_pk may be advantageously configured to be seven eighths of the pd_pk value, a calculation which may be implemented with a simple right shift by three bits and a subtraction as is well-known in the relevant art. The threshold calculation circuit may select the threshold value pd_th to be the lesser of pd_th_mid and pd_th_pk. In this manner, the pd_th value will never be equal to the pd_pk value, even after long periods of constant light incident on the photodiode which may result in the pd_pk and pd_vl values being equal. It will be appreciated that the pd_th_pk value ensures detection of a blink after long intervals. The behavior of the threshold generation circuit is further illustrated in FIG. 9, as discussed subsequently.

FIG. 6 illustrates a block diagram of digital detection logic 600 that may be used to implement an exemplary digital blink detection algorithm in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The digital detection logic 600 may comprise a shift register 602 adapted to receive the data from the photodetection signal path pd_rx_top, FIG. 4, or from the digital conditioning logic, FIG. 5, as illustrated here on the signal pd_data, which has a one bit value. The shift register 602 holds a history of the received sample values, here in a 24-bit register. The digital detection logic 600 further comprises a comparison block 604, adapted to receive the sample history and one or more blink templates bl_tpl and blink masks bl_mask, and is configured to indicate a match to the one or more templates and masks on one or more output signals that may be held for later use. The output of the comparison block 604 is latched via a D flip-flop 606. The digital detection logic 600 may further comprise a counter 608 or other logic to suppress successive comparisons that may be on the same sample history set at small shifts due to the masking operations. In a preferred exemplary embodiment the sample history is cleared or reset after a positive match is found, thus requiring a full, new matching blink sequence to be sampled before being able to identify a subsequent match. The digital detection logic 600 may still further comprise a state machine or similar control circuitry to provide the control signals to the photodetection signal path and the ADC. In some exemplary embodiments the control signals may be generated by a control state machine that is separate from the digital detection logic 600. This control state machine may be part of the digital signal processing and system controller 410.

FIG. 7 illustrates a timing diagram of the control signals provided from a blink detection subsystem to an ADC 408 (FIG. 4) used in a photodetection signal path. The enable and clock signals adc_en, adc_rst_n and adc_clk are activated at the start of a sample sequence and continue until the analog-to-digital conversion process is complete. In one exemplary embodiment the ADC conversion process is started when a pulse is provided on the adc_start signal. The ADC output value is held in an adc_data signal and completion of the process is indicated by the analog-to-digital converter logic on an adc_complete signal. Also illustrated in FIG. 7 is the pd_gain signal which is utilized to set the gain of the amplifiers before the ADC. This signal is shown as being set before the warm-up time to allow the analog circuit bias and signal levels to stabilize prior to conversion.

FIG. 8 illustrates a digital system controller 800 comprising a digital blink detection subsystem dig_blink 802. The digital blink detection subsystem dig_blink 802 may be controlled by a master state machine dig_master 804 and may be adapted to receive clock signals from a clock generator clkgen 806 external to the digital system controller 800. The digital blink detection subsystem dig_blink 802 may be adapted to provide control signals to and receive signals from a photodetection subsystem as described above. The digital blink detection subsystem dig_blink 802 may comprise digital conditioning logic and digital detection logic as described above, in addition to a state machine to control the sequence of operations in a blink detection algorithm. The digital blink detection subsystem dig_blink 802 may be adapted to receive an enable signal from the master state machine 804 and to provide a completion or done indication and a blink detection indication back to the master state machine 804.

FIGS. 9A through 9G provide waveforms, FIGS. 9A-9G, to illustrate the operation of the threshold generation circuit and automatic gain control (FIG. 5). FIG. 9A illustrates an example of photocurrent versus time as might be provided by a photodiode in response to varying light levels. In the first portion of the plot, the light level and resulting photocurrent are relatively low compared to in the second portion of the plot. In both the first and second portions of the plot a double blink is seen to reduce the light and photocurrent. Note that the attenuation of light by the eyelid may not be one hundred (100) percent, but a lower value depending on the transmission properties of the eyelid for the wavelengths of light incident on the eye. FIG. 9B illustrates the adc_data_held value that is captured in response to the photocurrent waveform of FIG. 9A. For simplicity, the adc_data_held value is illustrated as a continuous analog signal rather than a series of discrete digital samples. It will be appreciated that the digital sample values will correspond to the level illustrated in FIG. 9B at the corresponding sample times. The dashed lines at the top and bottom of the plot indicate the maximum and minimum values of the adc_data and adc_data_held signals. The range of values between the minimum and maximum is also known as the dynamic range of the adc_data signal. As discussed below, the photodetection signal path gain is different (lower) in the second portion of the plot. In general the adc_data_held value is directly proportional to the photocurrent, and the gain changes only affect the ration or the constant of proportionality. FIG. 9C illustrates the pd_pk, pd_vl and pd_th_mid values calculated in response to the adc_data_held value by the threshold generation circuit. FIG. 9D illustrates the pd_pk, pd_vl and pd_th_pk values calculated in response to the adc_data_held value in some exemplary embodiments of the threshold generation circuit. Note that the pd_th_pk value is always some proportion of the pd_pk value. FIG. 9E illustrates the adc_data_held value with the pd_th_mid and pd_th_pk values. Note that during long periods of time where the adc_data_held value is relatively constant the pd_th_mid value becomes equal to the adc_data_held value as the pd_vl value decays to the same level. The pd_th_pk value always remains some amount below the adc_data_held value. Also illustrated in FIG. 9E is the selection of pd_th where the pd_th value is selected to be the lower of pd_th_pk and pd_th_mid. In this way the threshold is always set some distance away from the pd_pk value, avoiding false transitions on pd_data due to noise on the photocurrent and adc_data held signals. FIG. 9F illustrates the pd_data value generated by comparison of the adc_data_held value to the pd_th value. Note that the pd_data signal is a two-valued signal which is low when a blink is occurring. FIG. 9G illustrates a value of tia_gain versus time for these example waveforms. The value of tia_gain is set lower when the pd_th starts to exceed a high threshold shown as agc_pk_th in FIG. 9E. It will be appreciated that similar behavior occurs for raising tia_gain when pd_th starts to fall below a low threshold. Looking again at the second portion of each of the FIGS. 9A through 9E the effect of the lower tia_gain is clear. In particular note that the adc_data_held value is maintained near the middle of the dynamic range of the adc_data and adc_data_held signals. Further, it is important to note that the pd_pk and pd_vl values are updated in accordance with the gain change as described above such that discontinuities are avoided in the peak and valley detector states and values due solely to changes in the photodetection signal path gain.

FIG. 10 illustrates exemplary light-blocking and light-passing features on an integrated circuit die 1000. The integrated circuit die 1000 comprises a light passing region 1002, a light blocking region 1004, bond pads 1006, passivation openings 1008, and light blocking layer openings 1010. The light-passing region 1002 is located above the photosensors (not illustrated), for example an array of photodiodes implemented in the semiconductor process. In a preferred exemplary embodiment, the light-passing region 1002 permits as much light as possible to reach the photosensors thereby maximizing sensitivity. This may be done through removing polysilicon, metal, oxide, nitride, polyimide, and other layers above the photoreceptors, as permitted in the semiconductor process utilized for fabrication or in post processing. The light-passing area 1002 may also receive other special processing to optimize light detection, for example an anti-reflective coating, filter, and/or diffuser. The light-blocking region 1004 may cover other circuitry on the die which does not require light exposure. The performance of the other circuitry may be degraded by photocurrents, for example shifting bias voltages and oscillator frequencies in the ultra-low current circuits required for incorporation into contact lenses, as mentioned previously. The light-blocking region 1004 is preferentially formed with a thin, opaque, reflective material, for example aluminum or copper already use in semiconductor wafer processing and post-processing. If implemented with metal, the material forming the light-blocking region 1004 must be insulated from the circuits underneath and the bond pads 1006 to prevent short-circuit conditions. Such insulation may be provided by the passivation already present on the die as part of normal wafer passivation, e.g. oxide, nitride, and/or polyimide, or with other dielectric added during post-processing. Masking permits light blocking layer openings 1010 so that conductive light-blocking metal does not overlap bond pads on the die. The light-blocking region 1004 is covered with additional dielectric or passivation to protect the die and avoid short-circuits during die attachment. This final passivation has passivation openings 1008 to permit connection to the bond pads 1006.

FIG. 11 illustrates an exemplary contact lens with an electronic insert comprising a blink detection system in accordance with the present embodiments (invention). The contact lens 1100 comprises a soft plastic portion 1102 which comprises an electronic insert 1104. This insert 1104 includes a lens 1106 which is activated by the electronics, for example focusing near or far depending on activation. Integrated circuit 1108 mounts onto the insert 1104 and connects to batteries 1110, lens 1106, and other components as necessary for the system. The integrated circuit 1108 includes a photosensor 1112 and associated photodetector signal path circuits. The photosensor 1112 faces outward through the lens insert and away from the eye, and is thus able to receive ambient light. The photosensor 1112 may be implemented on the integrated circuit 1108 (as shown) for example as a single photodiode or array of photodiodes. The photosensor 1112 may also be implemented as a separate device mounted on the insert 1104 and connected with wiring traces 1114. When the eyelid closes, the lens insert 1104 including photodetector 1112 is covered, thereby reducing the light level incident on the photodetector 1112. The photodetector 1112 is able to measure the ambient light to determine if the user is blinking or not.

Additional embodiments of the blink detection algorithm may allow for more variation in the duration and spacing of the blink sequence, for example by timing the start of a second blink based on the measured ending time of a first blink rather than by using a fixed template or by widening the mask “don't care” intervals (0 values).

It will be appreciated that the blink detection algorithm may be implemented in digital logic or in software running on a microcontroller. The algorithm logic or microcontroller may be implemented in a single application-specific integrated circuit, ASIC, with photodetection signal path circuitry and a system controller, or it may be partitioned across more than one integrated circuit.

It is important to note that the blink detection system of the present invention has broader uses than for vision diagnostics, vision correction and vision enhancement. These broader uses include utilizing blink detection to control a wide variety of functionality for individuals with physical disabilities. The blink detection may be set up on-eye or off-eye.

In accordance with another exemplary embodiment, the present invention is directed to a powered or electronic ophthalmic lens having a rear-facing pupil diameter sensor. The size of the pupils and changes thereof, namely, dilation and constriction, may be utilized to control one or more aspects of the electronic or powered contact lens. In other words, signals output from the pupil sensor may be input to a system controller which in turn takes a specific action based upon the input and outputs a signal to an actuator to implement a specific function. In addition, the sensed information may be utilized for evaluating medical conditions.

The iris is the partition between the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye. The iris is formed from two muscles that regulate the central opening thereof, commonly referred to as the pupil. Similar to the shutter of a camera, the pupil, through the actions of the two muscles, controls the amount of light entering the eye. The size of the pupil varies with age, the color of the iris, and refractive error if any; however, a number of other factors may affect the size of the pupils at any given time.

The pupils may become dilated from the use of certain agents, for example, a cycloplegic drug such as atropine. The pupils may become dilated as a result of paralysis of the third cranial nerve. The pupil may be dilated and fixed to direct light stimulation and consensual light stimulation after acute narrow-angle glaucoma. Alternately, the pupils may become constricted from the use of glaucoma medications such as pilocarpine. Other drugs, for example, morphine, causes constriction of the pupils. In addition, certain conditions, for example, iritis, interruption of the sympathetic pathways of the eye and irritative lesions of the cornea may also cause constriction or the pupils. Hippus is a spasmodic, rhythmic, but irregular dilation and constriction of the pupils and may be indicative of a number of conditions.

External psychic influences, including surprise, fear and pain also cause the pupils to dilate. Dim light causes the pupils to dilate whereas bright light causes the pupils to constrict. In addition, when an individual focuses on a near distance object, for example, reading a book, the pupils converge and constrict slightly in what is commonly referred to as the accommodative reflex. Accordingly, since certain factors are known to cause a specific pupilary reaction in otherwise healthy eyes, sensing the reaction of the pupils may be utilized as a control means. For example, if pupil constriction is detected alone or in combination with convergence, then the system controller may send a signal to an actuator to change the state of a variable power-optic incorporated into the powered contact lens.

Referring now to FIG. 12, there is illustrated a powered contact lens with a pupil diameter sensor. The contact lens 1200 is positioned on the eye 1201 of an individual. The iris of the eye 1201 is shown in two levels of diameter, constricted 1203 and dilated 1205. The contact lens 1200 covers a portion of the eye 1201 including the iris. The contact lens 1200 comprises a first exemplary pupil diameter sensor 1202 and electronic component 1204. The contact lens 1200 may comprise other devices, not shown.

The exemplary pupil diameter sensor 1202 is preferably positioned in the contact lens 1200 above the iris. As illustrated, the pupil diameter sensor 1202 is a thin strip covering all possible pupil diameters which permits it to detect all levels of pupil diameter. If implemented as a strip, as in this exemplary embodiment, the strip is preferably thin and transparent, so as to not disrupt light incident on the eye 1201. In one exemplary embodiment, the pupil diameter sensor 1202 comprises an array of photodetectors facing back into or towards the iris. Depending on the pupil diameter, sensors at various distances from the center of the iris will detect different reflected light. For example, when the iris is dilated most of the sensors may detect little light because of the large, dark pupil. Conversely, when the iris is constricted most sensors may detect higher light because of reflection off the iris. It should be appreciated that, for such a sensor, ambient light level and iris color may need to be considered in the system design, for example, by a per-user programming and/or calibration. Such an ambient light sensor may be implemented as a forward-facing photosensor to complement the rear-facing sensors of pupil diameter sensor 1202. To minimize disruption of the optic zone in front of the eye, in one exemplary embodiment the pupil diameter sensor 1202 may be implemented using transparent conductors such as indium-tin oxide and small, thin silicon photosensors.

In an alternate exemplary embodiment, the pupil diameter sensor 1202 may be implemented as an array of sensors positioned around the iris to maximize coverage as opposed to just a linear strip. It should be appreciated that other physical configurations are possible to maximize performance, cost, comfort, acceptance, and other metrics.

The pupil diameter sensor 1202 may be integrated with other electronics, may function on its own, or may connect to another device such as a controller portion of the electronic component 1204. In this exemplary embodiment, the system controller samples the pupil diameter sensor 1202 and, depending on results from the pupil diameter sensor 1202, may activate another component in the system (not shown). For example, the controller may activate a variable-focus lens. A power source (not shown) supplies current to the pupil diameter sensor 1202, the controller, and other components of the electronic ophthalmic system. A more detailed description is given below.

Such a system may require not only detectors such as those illustrated and described, but also emitters (not shown). Such emitters may, for example, comprise light-emitting diodes matched to the photosensors of pupil diameter sensor 1202. Alternately, the emitters may comprise piezoelectric ultrasonic transducers coupled to ultrasonic receivers in the pupil diameter sensor 1202. In yet another exemplary embodiment, the sensors and emitters may create an impedance detection system, for example, by passing a low-current signal through the eye and measuring changes in voltage across the eye.

FIG. 13 illustrates a contact lens with an alternate exemplary pupil diameter sensor. The contact lens 1300 is positioned on the eye 1301 of an individual. The iris of the eye 1301 is shown in two levels of diameter, constricted 1303 and dilated 1305. The contact lens 1300 covers a portion of the eye 1301, including the iris. Rather than the strip or array of detectors partially covering the pupil as described above and illustrated in FIG. 12, the system in FIG. 13 positions the pupil diameter sensor or sensors 1302 outside of the maximum pupil diameter 1305 but still inside the contact lens 1300. This configuration is beneficial because no obstruction of the optic zone occurs due to the pupil diameter sensor 1302. The pupil diameter sensor or sensors 1302 may, for example, comprise a single- or multi-turn coil antenna. Such an antenna may receive electromagnetic radiation from the eye as the muscles controlling the iris contract and relax. It is well-known in the relevant art that muscle and neural activity of the eye may be detected through changes in electromagnetic emissions, for example with contact electrodes, capacitive sensors, and antennas. In this manner, a pupil diameter sensor based on a muscle sensor may be implemented. The pupil diameter sensor 1302 may also be implemented as one or more contact- or capacitive electrodes designed to measure impedance across the eye. Similar to other proposed systems which use changes in impedance to determine ciliary muscle activity in the eye, and hence a desire to change focal state, impedance may be used to detect changes in pupil diameter. For example, the impedance measured across the iris and pupil may change appreciably depending on pupil diameter. A pupil diameter sensor 1302 placed at the appropriate location on the eye and properly coupled to the eye could detect these changes in impedance and hence pupil diameter. The contact lens 1300 may also comprise an electronic component 1304 as described above.

FIG. 14 illustrates an exemplary electronic system 1400 for controlling the pupil diameter sensors, as illustrated in FIGS. 12 and 13, receiving information from them, and changing the state of an actuator. Pupil diameter sensor 1402 comprises one or more of the pupil diameter sensors as previously described, for example, photosensors, antennas, or impedance sensors. In this illustrated exemplary embodiment, any emitters necessary to implement or improve the performance of the sensors are included in element 1402 for simplicity. Element 1402 may comprise multiple sensors, or multiple sensor blocks such as 1402, perhaps implemented in different technologies and sensor methods. Element 1404 is an interface between the sensor 1402 and a digital system controller 1406. Shown in one element 1404 for simplicity, this part of the system is responsible for activating the sensor 1402, receiving information from it, converting from analog to digital, amplifying, filtering, processing, and any other necessary functions. It may comprise one or more of multiplexors, operational amplifiers, differential amplifiers, transimpedance amplifiers, analog-to-digital converters (ADC's), digital signal processors (DSP's), filters, and other devices as is know in the signal processing art. The output of the signal conditioning element 1404 is a signal comprised of sensor data which is input to the system controller 1406. The system controller 1406 considers inputs from the pupil diameter sensor 1402 and determines if a state change is necessary for actuator 1408. This actuator 1408 may serve any one of a number of functions, for example, changing the state of a variable-focus lens or the transmission of a filter in front of the eye. System controller 1406 may consider inputs from multiple sensors 1402 and may drive multiple actuators 1408. A transceiver 1410 may be included in the system to send data to and/or receive data from external devices, for example a second contact lens mounted on the adjacent eye, spectacle lenses, a smartphone, or another device. Such communication occurs through an antenna 1412, perhaps an electromagnetic antenna or a light-emitting diode/photodiode sensor combination. A power source 1414, which may comprise a battery or energy harvester, powers the system.

It is important to note that communication with a device on the other eye as well as external lenses and sensors may be preferred to rule out certain conditions which may act as false triggers for action. For example, if only one pupil is dilated, this might indicate a problem rather than simply low light.

In accordance with one exemplary embodiment, a digital communication system comprises a number of elements which when implemented, may take on any number of forms. The digital communication system generally comprises an information source, a source encoder, a channel encoder, a digital modulator, a channel, a digital demodulator, a channel decoder and a source decoder.

The information source may comprise any device that generates information and/or data that is required by another device or system. The source may be analog or digital. If the source is analog, its output is converted into a digital signal comprising a binary string. The source encoder implements a process of efficiently converting the signal from the source into a sequence of binary digits. The information from the source encoder is then passed into a channel encoder where redundancy is introduced into the binary information sequence. This redundancy may be utilized at the receiver to overcome the effects of noise, interference and the like encountered on the channel. The binary sequence is then passed to a digital modulator which in turn converts the sequence into analog electrical signals for transmission over the channel. Essentially, the digital modulator maps the binary sequences into signal waveforms or symbols. Each symbol may represent the value of one or more bits. The digital modulator may modulate a phase, frequency or amplitude of a high frequency carrier signal appropriate for transmission over or through the channel. The channel is the medium through which the waveforms travel, and the channel may introduce interference or other corruption of the waveforms. In the case of the wireless communication system, the channel is the atmosphere. The digital demodulator receives the channel-corrupted waveform, processes it and reduces the waveform to a sequence of numbers that represent, as nearly as possible, the transmitted data symbols. The channel decoder reconstructs the original information sequence from knowledge of the code utilized by the channel encoder and the redundancy in the received data. The source decoder decodes the sequence from knowledge of the encoding algorithm, wherein the output thereof is representative of the source information signal.

It is important to note that the above described elements may be realized in hardware, in software or in a combination of hardware and software. In addition, the communication channel may comprise any type of channel, including wired and wireless. In wireless, the channel may be configured for high frequency electromagnetic signals, low frequency electromagnetic signals, visible light signals and infrared light signals.

FIG. 15 illustrates ambient light 1502 and pupil diameter 1504 plotted versus time on the x-axis, illustrating how differences between these two measured quantities could be used to activate an electronic ophthalmic device such as a contact lens. During the first time period 1501, ambient light level 1502 is increasing while pupil diameter 1504 is decreasing. Ambient light and pupil diameter may be sensed as previously described, for example by a forward-facing photodiode and a rear-facing impedance sensor, respectively. As is commonly the case, as ambient light increases in time period 1501 pupil diameter decreases. This is a common reaction which occurs to maintain a relatively constant light intensity on the retina by reducing the aperture of the iris. In time period 1503, the ambient light level 1502 first continues to increase then levels off. However, the pupil diameter 1504 constricts more rapidly than in the previous time period. This is not the classical correlation between ambient light and pupil diameter. This response may be caused by a narrow-angle response of the pupil, perhaps to a book held up close, versus the wide-angle response of an ambient light detector. In this manner, a change in pupil diameter response may be detected and used to activate a function in an electronic ophthalmic device. In time period 1505, the ambient light 1502 continues flat however the pupil diameter 1504 dilates or increases. Again, this may be caused by a specific response in the eye, for example, the accommodation reflex. In time period 1507 there is again a difference between ambient light level 1502, which starts level then decreases, and pupil diameter 1504 which stays flat. Again, this may be used to detect certain responses in the eye and trigger changes in the operation of an electronic ophthalmic device. Finally, in time period 1509 the classical response is again observed similar to that shown in timer period 1501. As the ambient light level 1502 decreases, the pupil diameter 1504 dilates to let in more light.

The activities of the signal conditioning block and system controller (1404 and 1406 in FIG. 14, respectively) depend on the available sensor inputs, the environment, and user reactions, for example the ambient light level and pupil diameter as illustrated in FIG. 15. The inputs, reactions, and decision thresholds may be determined from one or more of ophthalmic research, pre-programming, training, and adaptive/learning algorithms. For example, the general characteristics of pupil dilation versus ambient light may be well-documented in literature, applicable to a broad population of users, and pre-programmed into system controller 1406. However, an individual's deviations from the general expected response, for example the deviations illustrated in time periods 1503, 1505, and 1507 of FIG. 15, may be recorded in a training session or part of an adaptive/learning algorithm which continues to refine the response in operation of the electronic ophthalmic device. In one exemplary embodiment, the user may train the device by activating a handheld fob, which communicates with the device, when the user desires near focus. A learning algorithm in the device may then reference sensor inputs in memory before and after the fob signal to refine internal decision algorithms. This training period could last for one day, after which the device would operate autonomously with only sensor inputs and not require the fob.

It should be appreciated that pupil diameter alone may be used to trigger changes in an electronic ophthalmic lens, for example increasing or decreasing the transmission of a variable-transmission lens in front of the eye, or pupil diameter maybe be combined with one or more other inputs to change the state of an electronic ophthalmic device.

It should also be appreciated that a device utilizing such a sensor may not change state in a manner visible to the user; rather the device may simply log data. For example, such a sensor could be used to determine if a user has the proper iris response throughout a day or if a problematic medical condition exists.

In one exemplary embodiment, the electronics and electronic interconnections are made in the peripheral zone of a contact lens rather than in the optic zone. In accordance with an alternate exemplary embodiment, it is important to note that the positioning of the electronics need not be limited to the peripheral zone of the contact lens. All of the electronic components described herein may be fabricated utilizing thin-film technology and/or transparent materials. If these technologies are utilized, the electronic components may be placed in any suitable location as long as they are compatible with the optics.

Although shown and described in what is believed to be the most practical and preferred embodiments, it is apparent that departures from specific designs and methods described and shown will suggest themselves to those skilled in the art and may be used without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. The present invention is not restricted to the particular constructions described and illustrated, but should be constructed to cohere with all modifications that may fall within the scope of the appended claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A powered ophthalmic lens, the powered ophthalmic lens comprising: a contact lens including an optic zone and a peripheral zone for wearing on an eye; and a pupil diameter sensor system incorporated into and encapsulated in the material forming the contact lens for measuring pupil diameter, the pupil diameter sensor system including at least one sensor formed from a transparent material, a system controller operatively associated with the at least one sensor and configured for determining the diameter of the pupil and output a control signal based on pupil diameter, at least one actuator configured to receive the output control signal and implement a predetermined function and additional circuitry for determining at least one of ambient light level and iris color.
 2. The powered ophthalmic lens according to claim 1, wherein at least one sensor comprises a thin strip mounted across the optic zone such that it can sense fully constricted and fully dilated pupils.
 3. The powered ophthalmic lens according to claim 2, wherein the thin strip comprises an array of photosensors mounted to face in towards the iris of the eye.
 4. The powered ophthalmic lens according to claim 3, wherein the array of photosensors comprise transparent photosensors.
 5. The powered ophthalmic lens according to claim 3, wherein the array of photodetectors comprise thin silicon photosensors.
 6. The powered ophthalmic lens according to claim 1, wherein the at least one sensor comprises an array of individual sensors positioned around the perimeter of the optic zone.
 7. The powered ophthalmic lens according to claim 6, wherein the array of individual sensors comprise photosensors.
 8. The powered ophthalmic lens according to claim 1, wherein the pupil dilation sensor further comprises a signal processor configured to receive signals from the at least one sensor, perform digital signal processing, and output one or more signals to the system controller.
 9. The powered ophthalmic lens according to claim 8, wherein the signal processor comprises associated memory.
 10. The powered ophthalmic lens according to claim 1, wherein the pupil diameter sensor system comprises a power supply. 